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…if they pay for standing forestsBy Neil Marksin ArgentinaResearch into existing schemes that provide payment for environmental services shows that little goes into the pockets of families. Researchers say there is a need for safeguards against corruption if global climate talks in Copenhagen agree to pay countries like Guyana for keeping forests standing.Guyana is currently finalising a Low Carbon Development Strategy which it says it will implement if rich countries, come December, decide to pay for activities to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) as well as conservation and sustainable forest management,Wholesale Jerseys, or what is called REDD Plus.Guyana has pledged to keep its rainforest – the size of England – standing if it could get the money. How much? The US$580 million it says could come from utilising the forests for logging,Cheap Jerseys From China, mining,Cheap NFL Jerseys Wholesale, agriculture,NFL Jerseys Cheap, and other economic activities.Payment for REDD is by no means a done deal, and there is still even a struggle to define “forests” and the last “D” in REDD, that is, forest “degradation.”But what if there is a REDD scheme decided on at the Copenhagen climate talks in less than two months? What do existing schemes that provide payment for environmental services show?Dr Luca Taconni, of the Crawford School of Economics and Government at the Australian National University, and his colleagues have released the findings of a study he conducted with others that show that such schemes have contributed only in a “minor” way to total household income.As a result, he said there is need to design REDD activities that work with communities to increase the flow of benefits to them and improve community infrastructure. But the findings also reveal that the funds that flow provided financial capital to households, enabling them to pay off debts or improve their homes.Further, Taconni,Wholesale Soccer Jerseys, speaking on Monday at the World Forestry Congress in Buenos Aires, said there is need for a clear indication of how the payments will flow, whether to communities or individuals, and whether in cash or not.But there is a major issue at hand—corruption— and the way the money will be managed. Taconni said that this is a major challenge and national plans will have to possibly include the establishment of a national fund to manage the resources.He said that the flow of funds and spending will have to be made public and fully audited and reported on. Taconni will detail the challenge in managing the money and preventing corruption in a book that is to be released at the climate talks in Copenhagen.But there are other problems he identified that could come with incentive payments for REDD,Cheap NFL Jerseys, as found in the research conducted in countries in all regions of the world, including neighbouring Brazil.Taconni said that there is need to assess the opportunity cost and transaction costs of REDD activities, and to at least provide matching benefits to communities. The study has shown that the money communities get for keeping conserving the forests is less than they would have received if the forests were to be used for economic activities, such as if they would clear the forest to expand agriculture.Also, Taconni and his team have found that in the existing schemes that provide payment for environmental services is not released in a timely manner, thus creating problems for communities.Paying rural people to participate in the protection of forest resources and for the benefits they give up by not clearing the forest could be a way to ensure they benefit from REDD activities and to increase the likelihood that REDD activities will succeed, Taconni and his team suggest.Also, the research has shown the existing schemes that provide payment for environmental services has not appropriately monitored their impacts on the environmental services they sought to protect.Any potential REDD scheme would therefore require a mechanism to address this, or what is called Monitoring, Reporting and Verifying,Authentic Adidas Hockey Jerseys China, MRV, Taconni suggested.

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BALTIMORE (AP) — The Baltimore Ravens have a longstanding tradition of playing lockdown defense — a trait the current unit intends to uphold.
The Falcons (2-5) averted their first shutout loss since December 2004 when Ryan connected with Roddy White for a 4-yard touchdown with 7:12 remaining to make it 20-7. It was Atlanta's first fourth-quarter score in five games,Cheap NFL Jerseys China.
Flacco gave it back, lofting a pass into the end zone that was intercepted by Alford.
Ryan completed 29 of 44 passes for 228 yards and lost a fumble. He got little help from a running game that generated only 68 yards.
Elvis Dumervil and Pernell McPhee each had two sacks, and Baltimore punished Atlanta Falcons quarterback Matt Ryan in a 29-7 victory Sunday.
A first half marred by three turnovers and 10 penalties — including three holding infractions against Baltimore rookie left tackle James Hurst — ended with the Ravens scoring twice in the final 2 minutes, 38 seconds.
"We had way too much pressure," coach Mike Smith said. "Our quarterback was hit and sacked way too much. There were times where we really didn't have a chance to get the play off."
"Good things,Wholesale China Jerseys, great things, are expected from this defense," Dumervil said. "We work hard all year, so our motto is, 'We're just getting started.'"
After outgaining the Falcons 175-61 in the first half, Baltimore continued the pressure in its opening possession of the third quarter. Flacco connected with Steve Smith for a 49-yard completion to set up a 38-yard field goal by Justin Tucker for a 20-0 lead.

Baltimore moved 52 yards for a touchdown on its opening possession with help from the Falcons. Following a 36-yard pass interference call against Alford, tight end Owen Daniels caught a 5-yard touchdown pass.
"Five sacks and really, numerous quarterback hits on a guy that doesn't get hit very often," Ravens coach John Harbaugh said. "Credit our guys for keeping him (in the pocket) and then for getting him."
After going three-and-out on its first two possessions, Atlanta and moved to the Baltimore 17 before Ryan lost a fumble when sacked by McPhee.
The performance conjured memories of a Baltimore defense that shined for years with Ray Lewis in the middle and Ed Reed at safety.
The victory, combined with Cincinnati's loss to Indianapolis, thrust the Ravens into first place in the AFC North. Baltimore faces the Bengals on the road next Sunday.
Baltimore allowed only four first downs in the pivotal first half,Cheap Jerseys China, finished with five sacks and had a shutout going over the first 52 minutes.
"Huge game," Harbaugh said. "We're looking forward to the opportunity."
A fumbled punt by Baltimore's Jacoby Jones gave Atlanta the ball at the Baltimore 37 with 59 seconds to go, but a sack forced the Falcons to try a 57-yard field goal. The kick by Matt Bryant hit the crossbar, and the Ravens quickly moved the other way for a 38-yard field goal on the final play of the half.
"We've got to find a way to practice better,Wholesale Jerseys Online, to prepare better and ultimately to play better," Ryan said.
Ryan, for one, can't imagine Baltimore's defense being any tougher than it was in this one.
Notes: Atlanta C Peter Konz left with a knee injury. He will be examined Monday. ,China NFL Jerseys... Ravens long snapper Morgan Cox tore his ACL and is lost for the year. DT Haloti Ngata did the job on final extra point. ... Baltimore was vying for its first shutout since 2009. ... The Ravens are 13-1 at home against NFC foes since the start of the 2008 season.
Joe Flacco sealed Baltimore's fourth win in five games with 1:46 remaining,Wholesale Nike NFL Jerseys, connecting with Torrey Smith for a 39-yard touchdown pass on a fourth-and-9.
One week after scoring 48 points at Tampa Bay, the Ravens (5-2) built a 17-0 halftime lead in their second straight blowout.
"I think they've got a big menu in terms of what they do defensively," he said. "I thought we were on top of schematically what they wanted to do. Our issue came down to execution. I thought they out-executed us. They played better than we did."
Late in the half, Baltimore took over at its 41 and Hurst committed another holding penalty. Flacco completed a 19-yarder to Daniels on the next play and added a 20-yard toss to Torrey Smith before Bernard Pierce ran in from the 1.
The Ravens then kept the ball on the ground for the most part, content in allowing the defense to protect the advantage.
It was small consolation to a team that has lost four straight, progressively scoring fewer points in each of those games.
Flacco went 16 for 25 for 258 yards, two touchdowns and two interceptions — both by Robert Alford. Justin Forsett gained 95 yards on 23 carries.
After the touchdown, Atlanta's next possession ended with Terrell Suggs sacking Ryan for a safety.

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LAKE FOREST, Ill. (AP) — The Chicago Bears have selected Oregon center Hroniss Grasu in the third round of the NFL draft with the 71st pick.
It's the first time since 2008 the Bears have drafted two offensive players in the first three rounds,NFL Jerseys Outlet.
Grasu,wholesale soccer jerseys, who is 6-foot-3, 297 pounds,Wholesale Jerseys, started 52 games at Oregon and was second-team All-American. He played on the same line as current Bears guard Kyle Long two years ago.
Grasu anchored an offensive line at Oregon that paved the way for a running attack that finished first in the Pac-12 for the eighth straight year,Cheap Jerseys From China Online.
The Bears currently have 32-year-old center Will Montgomery on the roster after signing him in free agency,China Jerseys. Veteran center Roberto Garza was waived in the offseason,Cheap Jerseys NFL China.